George HerringS Article The Legacy Of Vietnam Talks

George Herring s article The legacy of Vietnam talks about the military clash between the communist North Vietnam, backed by its allies and the government of South Vietnam, backed by the United States and other countries that are anti-communist that happened in Vietnam during Richard Nixon s presidency. The Vietnam War was a terrible war, especially for Vietnamese because a millions of them died during the war. The author not just describes the war itself; he also analyzes the killing and the attack that occurred during the war. In general the Vietnam War was the most costly war contrast to other wars and it was the most shocking eras in American history. The Vietnam War had an impact in American history. It brought fear from the war†¦show more content†¦He tried his best not to lose the war because he does not want American war to be the loser. The United States troops were completely pulled back from Vietnam before the finish of March of 1973, yet America continued battli ng in Cambodia. North Vietnam did not respond to US notices and before the year s over Nixon stayed weak after Watergate. In his article, the author said that Nixon tried to protect the Thieu administration in South Vietnam and let South Vietnam on the safe side because he needed the Thieu government to be secure. North Vietnam needed to have a unity but South Vietnam strived to be a free country. Nixon s mission was to help and support the nations that are US partners such as South Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos, but other nations would need to shield themselves from the communism. When Nixon attempted to stay faithful to his obligation to the Thieu government in South Vietnam, Secretary of State Dr. Henry Kissinger needed to proceed onward to different United State interests gradually. The purpose for these spending is to secure the Thieu government in South Vietnam. In his article, the author said that Nixon’s administration shows how much Kissinger feel afraid from the Negot iations that are full of twists. Despite the hostility between United State and North Vietnam, Nixon still threatening them that he doesn’t want to pay the amount if they do not want to adhere to the guarantee of the understanding, but when Richard Nixon resigned, the

Middle Childhood and Adolescence Essay - 1047 Words

Middle Childhood and Adolescence Development PSY/375 1-24-11 Deborah Wilkerson Middle Childhood and Adolescence Development Changes in Peer Relationships in Middle Childhood and Adolescence Statistics say that in the stages in middle adolescence 30% of the child’s social life and interactions there are a great stage of peer pressure. These results were compared to the 10% that is experienced during the early childhood. They show that they are competent by demonstrating their behaviors in these peer groups. During the elementary years in school, children have to prove to others that they understand and that they are capable of handling the different situations they find themselves in. They must keep a†¦show more content†¦Peer pressure comes from several different directions. It can come from the media, parents, other family members and friends. An adolescent’s self-esteem plays a critical role in peer pressure and often will set the stage for whether a teenager will succumb to their nagging peers or abstains. At this age, one of the greatest influences comes from older peers and their â€Å"experiences† with life. Older siblings and friends tend to pressure younger adolescents into indulging in activities that may be detrimental to their well-being, often using status to gain their trust. Status quo and acceptance are important to a young mind. If an adolescent does not have the much needed support from their parents and a positive self- image going into this stage of life, they may be more susceptible to peer pressure. Pressure to use drugs and alcohol are two of the most common forms of peer pressure that an adolescent will experience. At this stage, when a child is coming into their own, they are very impressionable beings. When another peer offers up what sounds like an amazing experience many adolescents will follow suit and give in. Even with the knowledge that drugs and alcohol have a profound effect on the human body, some adolescents will still relinquish their better judgment to â€Å"look cool† in front of their peers. Again, status quo comes into play with substanceShow MoreRelatedMiddle Childhood and Adolescence1048 Words   |  5 PagesMiddle Childhood and Adolescence Kierra Williams PSY/280 October 30, 2012 Mara Husband Middle Childhood and Adolescence Middle childhood is the period of life that occurs between the ages 7 and 11. During these times of children lives they are in school and are making many different friends, and their cognitive and physical skills are enhancing. 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In this period adolescents undergo significant changes in physiological, psychological and social aspects. Naturally, these changes produce a significant impact on their lifestyle, behaviour, psychology, etc. Traditionally, adolescence is considered to start at preteens, mostly from around 9-10 years of age till 19-20 years

Valuation and Financial Statement System †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Valuation and Financial Statement System. Answer: Introduction: Boral limited is a building and construction company based in Australia, Asia Pacific and America. Its main materials of construction are lime, oxides, decorative concrete, stone and structural timber limited (Allman and Escobar de Nogales, 2015). It is also involved in property activities and transport for its products. Ratios Formulae 2014 2015 2016 Net profit margin Net Income * Net Sales 189.875/3197.62= 0.059 196.733/3289.813= 0.006 163.15/4194.03= 0.039 Asset turnover Sales/ total assets 3197.62/4302.23= 0.74 3289.813/4489.96= 0.74 4194.03/5233.33= 0.80 Current ratio Current Assets Current Liabilities 1249.17/876.46= 1.42 1332.96/706.71= 1.89 1566.96/1101.6= 1.42 Quick ratio Cash + Accounts Receivable Current Liabilities 335.32+462.67/876.46= 0.91 387.18+504.77/706.71= 1.26 360.7+663.4/1101.6= 0.93 Debt ratio Total debt/ total assets 1701.6/4302.2= 0.395 1792.3/4489.9= 0.399 2081.4/5233.3= 0.397 Cash cycles A measure of how Boral limited converts its products into cash through its daily sales and is measured through inventory, receivables and payables and back to the cash again. Inventory being Current Inventory / Operating Revenue * 365 = 2016=413.65/3197.6*365= 47.22 2015=411.66/3289.8*365= 45.67 2014=497.15/4194.03*365= 43.26 Accounts payables being Creditors / Operating Revenue * 365 = 2016= 450.87/3197.6*365 =51.46 2015=491.06/3289.8*365 = 54.48 2014=610.49/4194.03*365 = 53.13 Accounts Receivables being Debtors / Operating Revenue * 365 = 2014=663.4/4194.03*365 = 57.73 2015=504.77/3289.8*365 = 56 2016=462.67/3197.6*365 = 52.81 Cash conversion cycle= inventory + receivables-Payables 2016= 47.22+ 52.81-51.46 = 48.57 days 2015= 45.67+ 56-54.48 = 47.19 days 2014= 43.26+ 57.73- 53.13 = 47.86 days Need and Usefulness of Financial Ratios There are different financial reasons to meet the needs of users. Each of these reasons has certain purposes. The following are examples of the most typical financial ratios used by different stakeholders (Balasundaram, 2012). The elements that limit and make difficult the financial analysis are those of accounting type, such as the comparison of the financial statements, the reconstruction of the accounting concepts, the reclassification of the items according to short and long term temporal criteria, the lack of Information in terms of average values, imprecision and reformulation of concepts, window dressing effect, among others (Lead With Cash, 2010). On the other hand, we take into account that the valuation of the financial analyst in seeking to obtain information for the setting of investment and financing criteria in a market or sector that presents inflationary problems, causes the analysis to develop with distorted figures, that even if they are repressed By any method, there are substantial differences in valuation and significant disagreements over whether they are restated through the maintenance of financial capital or physical capital (Sagner, n.d.). In an interesting work, this indicates that financial analysis, although irreplaceable to learn from the past, is nevertheless insufficient in itself for real decision-making, since experience has shown that situations of the past are not perpetuated. In addition, this researcher adds that the analysis of changes in the relative value of the different elements of the financial statements is ineffective if there are conceptual and technical problems (Vinturella and Erickson , n.d.). Hence we approach this type of problem to obtain a greater scope in our conclusions. Limitations Another common limitation is the dispersion of the data, since it is usually only possible to use a measure of central tendency as the average of the sector and this is insufficient. That is why financial analysis currently includes two very important types of techniques in its new structure: decomposition measures and statistical classification models. The first statistical technique allows the analyst to determine how the elements of a structure are distributed to analyze the changes that occur over time in the structure. These decomposition measures are based on the analysis of the amount of accounting information. The application of decomposition measures within the analysis of the financial statements is an opportunity to know if the company maintains its structure stable over time, or to be able to locate its weaknesses in relation to its sector (Sagner, n.d.). CSR ltd is a listed company in the ASX that produces building materials and products. It was founded in 1855 as a colonial sugar refining company. In this report, we shall analyze certain ratios of this company and compare it with Boral ltd, a company that is in the same building industry and compare how the two companies are doing in relation to one another (Wingard-Nelson, 2012). The ratios show that the company is performing well as its ratios fall within what the optimal ratios should be. RATIO FORMULAE 2014(millions) 2015(millions) 2016(millions) Net profit margin Net income/Net sales 99.1/511.4=0.194 146.7/654.5=0.224 169.3/771.5=0.219 Asset turnover Sales /Total Assets 1746.6/2008.3=0.869 2023.4/2119.3=0.955 2298.8/2215.8=1.03 Current ratio Current Assets/ Current Liabilities 635.5/425.2=1.49 704.9/466.3=1.51 785.7/488.8=1.61 Quick Ratio (Cash+Accounts Receivables)/Current Liabilities (5.9+54)/425.2=0.14 (68.4+51.4)/466.3=0.26 (73.1+319.6)/488.8=0.81 Debt Ratio Total Debt/ Total Assets 851.1/2008.8=0.42 913.3/2119.3=0.43 898.6/2215.8=0.41 Cash cycles This is a metric that is used to measure a companys management effectiveness and the overall health of the company (Wingard-Nelson, 2012). It measures how fast cash in hand can be converted into accounts payable and inventory, through accounts receivable and sales and then back into cash. 2014 2015 2016 Inventory being Current Inventory / Operating Revenue * 365 (326.4+66.1)/511.4*365=280 days (320+76.2)/654.5*365=220days (348.8+72.7)/771.5*365=199days Accounts Receivablesbeing Debtors / Operating Revenue * 365 (251.1+54)/511.4*365=217.7 days (268.7+51.4)/654.5*365=178.5days (319.6+51.3)/771.5*365=175.5days AccountsPayables being Creditors / Operating Revenue * 365 (195+5.4)/511.4*365=143 days (236.8+16.3)/654.5*365=141.1days (260.6+18.9)/771.5*365=132.2days Cash conversion cycle= 355 days 257 days 243 days This company should work towards reducing its cash conversion cycle days. References Allman, K. and Escobar de Nogales, X. (2015). Impact investment. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. Balasundaram, N. (2012). Ratio analysis. [Place of publication not identified]: Lap Lambert Academic Publ. Lead With Cash. (2010). World Scientific. Sagner, J. (n.d.). Working capital management. Schmidlin, N. (2014). The art of company valuation and financial statement analysis. Chichester: John Wiley Sons. Vinturella, J. and Erickson, S. (n.d.). Raising entrepreneurial capital. Wingard-Nelson, R. (2012). Percents and ratios. Berkeley Heights, NJ: Enslow Publishers.

Interpersonal Communication Strategies regarding Depression

Effective communication requires great effort as well as a lot of practice. When communication lacks especially in marriage, it becomes very hard to resolve conflicts or to grow the partnership. For those who are in troubled marriages they can seek help on how to do proper communication in order to bring back peace in the family.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Interpersonal Communication Strategies regarding Depression specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Communication issues in a marriage result when the two parties do not agree on a solution to a certain problem. Any kind of discussion that addresses a certain problem should result to a solution rather than endless arguments that lead to both parties becoming unsuccessful. To solve problems through communication, there has to be a very important tool known as compromise, which should be considered before bringing up a certain problem (Carsenten et al, 199 5). Marital problems are very sensitive; therefore they require a positive attitude before going direct to the discussion. Before the discussion, the couple can talk of the things that are making the relationship survive as well as those areas that may require improvement. Communication becomes very effective when the positives things are talked about first then the problems later. Communication becomes very hard when one individual in a couple is depressed because he or she may exaggerate anything negative. Any person who wants to control his or her partner must emphasize on the behaviors intended to be curbed (Byrne Carr, 2000). Communicative acts of depressed people cause sympathetic reactions and assistance but finally leads to aversive conditions that leads to anxiety and depression. Individuals who are depressed do not engage themselves in communication since they are more negative and experience rejection. Conflicts as well as communication control methods seem to change the physiological functioning in a couple. Lots of disagreements between couples are associated with high blood pressure and heart rates. When one of the individuals in a couple is depressed, there is lack of effective communication, more conflicts and hostility. Similarly, depressed people show malformed patterns of receptiveness in interactions with their partners such that harmony lacks between the couple, and depressed spouses become very expressive especially when they are discussing the negative issues. Depression has a very negative impact in marriages since it is one of the causes for divorce (Byrne et al, 2004). Many divorces have been reported due to one of the spouses being depressed. Apart from marriages, many relationships have also been broken including the deep and meaningful ones. This is because; it becomes very hard to communicate effectively with a depressed person.Advertising Looking for research paper on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Depression is a disease that cannot be seen physically thus becoming more complicated and misunderstood. It is mainly caused by drug abuse, lots of conflicts, death, illness and stress. The main symptoms of depression include sadness, negative feelings, lack of sleep, and loss of interest as well as death desires. All these problems make it very hard to communicate effectively thus resulting to very many communication issues. Besides, it becomes very difficult to establish a healthy channel of communication between oneself and a depressed individual especially a spouse. According to Alton Barbour (2003), â€Å"†¦.sometimes one of the worst things you can do for someone with depression is to help them†. He also talks of â€Å"interpersonal difficulties† like lack of intimate friends which leads to depression. â€Å"After all if one is lacking in social skills, one can expect to be without friends or an intimate†. (Barbo ur 2003) The couple should always be keen to note when an argument becomes irrational so that they are able to postpone it until a time when effective communication will occur. This is because a heated argument may result to fights and even more conflicts between the couple. Listening to the other partner becomes more essential so as one can understand and reflect on what has been said. Honesty becomes a necessity when communicating as well as focusing on the real issue since it becomes very hard to make a point when one feels insecure about making it. Communication issues occur mainly when one partner is rude to the other. This shows lack of respect because in a couple, there has to be courtesy and respect of each one’s ideas. Issues heighten when a spouse dismisses ideas and thoughts in a rude way instead of listening and reacting with reasons or disagreeing in a respectful way. The couple should also be in a position to know when an outside help is required. This is necess ary so that effective communication can take place, and it is usually done through a counselor or marriage retreat who aid in solving communication problems. Moreover, communication between couples from the ego level instead of higher self brings about communication issues. Basically ego-based communication is associated with fear as well as separation while higher- self communication is associated with oneness and love. Many communication problems between couples occur when the interaction is based only on one partner’s point of view. Disagreements must be there in any marriage and people should understand that the best couple is not the one that does not disagree. Infact the best couple is the one that is able to express and respect the differences that exist between them. This is because conflicts make marriage very interesting as long as they are tolerable.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Interpersonal Communication Strategies regarding Dep ression specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Handling of conflicts determines how the couple will stay together. Ignoring a problem or punishing a spouse in silent is never a solution. Rather there has to be understanding and proper communication between the couple so that each person comprehends the other person’s point of view. Importantly, logic can never win any kind of argument between couples who are twisted emotionally. Rather, logic wins arguments whereby emotions do not exist. â€Å"The more we can put ourselves in our partner’s shoes and perceive how they understand the world, the better we will be able to communicate with them. With openness to their point of view we will have a better chance of resolving the issue. It will also make it easier for us to put across our point of view in such a way that they are most likely to understand it† (Benazone Coyne, 2000) Negotiations are forms of communications that aid in obtaining a joint decision; that can be agreed on by both parties. It is very essential especially when solving marriage conflicts since it helps one to get what he or she wants and at the same time one is able to give others what they deserve in form of communicating. Additionally, negotiations balance the integrity, values as well as outcomes between the spouses by allowing everything that is done. â€Å"Good negotiators also explicitly signal their questions. They will say something like, ‘May I ask you a question about that?’ By doing so they focus the attention of the meeting on the answer and make it difficult for the person questioned to evade the point if he has agreed to answer the question† (Blehar Oren, 1997) Nowadays, many divorces are caused due to lack effective communication. Many couples do not talk or even discuss family issues thus creating bigger problems. To improve any marriage, the couple should make an effort to restore communication problems. In spite of the devotion that exists between any marriages, communication problems will still occur. Gender differences are usually the main causes of communication issues in marriages, which later lead to misunderstanding of the other partner’s opinions. Reference List Barbour A.(2003) â€Å"Social support and depression†. Depression guide. Retrieved from https://www.webmd.com/depression/guide/causes-depression#1.Advertising Looking for research paper on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Benazon, N. Coyne, J. (2000). â€Å"Living with a depressed spouse†. Journal of Family  Psychology, 14, 71–79. Byrne, M., Carr, A. (2000). â€Å"Depression and power in marriage†. Journal of Family  Therapy, 22, 408–427. Byrne, M., Carr, A., Clark, M. (2004). Power in relationships of women with depression. Journal of Family Therapy, 26, 407–429. Blehar, M. D. Oren, D. A. (1997). â€Å"Gender differences in depression†. Medscape  Women’s Health, 2, 3. Carstensen, L., Gottman, J. Levenson, R. (1995). â€Å"Emotional behavior in long-term Marriages†. Psychology and Aging, 10(1), 140–149. This research paper on Interpersonal Communication Strategies regarding Depression was written and submitted by user Cap'n Oz to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Beetle Juice essays

Beetle Juice essays The first thing I look at when evaluating a film is the genres. I like to know what type of picture is it. The storyline is also very important to me. The movie and style Ive always loved as a kid, is the style that Tim Burton used in his film Beetlejuice produced in 1988 in USA. This film exploits and emphasizes supernatural and surrealism, because of effects produced by unnatural, non-ordinary to our everyday life. Strange lightning and camera angles make this film a formalist style of film. Special effects always make me have a different view of a movie. Afterlife I think, is something everyone thinks and wonders about and Burton gave us all a little taste of his interpretation, and its greatly seen in his style. Surreal and the unnatural films are always much more interesting because its not something we see often. I guess originality plays a very immense task, when evaluating a film. Genres is something that has a great importance to the film and storyline. Alt! hough everyone has their own favorite genres, it seems as though every once in a while, people sort of fall in type of genres. This greatly seen with Hollywood films, sometimes two or three westerns come out at the same time and later on, two or three action, boxing movies come together. So there is a time where we, without realizing it, fall for these genres. ...

Is Trucking the Best Job for You

Is Trucking the Best Job for You Do you ever fantasize about quitting your job and finding a career on the open road, with just your thoughts and the radio to keep you company? If so, you’re not alone- and it may not be as far-fetched a career plan as you might think. Growing OpportunitiesMuch of the U.S. economy depends on goods finding their way to warehouses and stores all over the country- and in many cases, those goods are transported by long-haul tractor-trailer truck drivers. Fast delivery is becoming a major selling point for online retailers like Amazon and big-box stores like Wal-Mart and Target, which makes professional truckers an  important part of satisfying customer expectations.Truck drivers are a crucial part of an ever-expanding supply chain: by 2022, the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics projects that the demand for heavy and tractor-trailer drivers will grow by as much as 11%.The LegworkThere are hurdles to a career in trucking- as tempting as it sounds, you can’t just show up, stan dard driver’s license in hand, and expect to drive a big rig to Ohio. All states require a specific Commercial Driver’s License (CDL) to operate heavy trucks and tractor-trailers. Additionally, most trucking companies require a high school degree and completion of a professional truck-driving training program.There are also personal considerations. Are you willing to be away from home for days or weeks at a time? Do you have the time-management skills to meet rigorous delivery schedules in all weather, on holidays, or on your birthday? Being a truck driver requires a strong personal commitment as well as a professional one.Hitting the RoadLet’s say you’ve met all these requirements, made the necessary choices, and received the right training and recommendations. You’re ready to pack up your faithful dog and your toothbrush, and seek a trucking job. What’s the best way to do that?You may want to start by researching which trucking companies m eet your goals and your comfort level. Regional trucking companies may be able to offer you jobs closer to home. National trucking companies tend to have the broadest reach and the most access to available trucking jobs.You should also consider whether the company will hire a rookie driver right out of the gate- many companies want their new drivers to have 3 months to a year of driving time before they’ll consider hiring. This may sound discouraging to start (how do I get experience if no one will hire me without experience?), but it’s common in most career paths to start at the bottom by creating/locating opportunities and working your way up.The Money QuestionPerhaps the most important part of any job search is understanding what your salary will be- and can be. Like other fields, trucking offers its lowest salaries to drivers just starting out, especially if you don’t have the driving experience yet. However, you should know that while many industries have a wide gap between starting employees and long-time veterans, truck drivers have a pretty even field once you’re in it.The average starting pay for a truck driver is $13.81/hour, compared to an average of $18.37/hour (approximately $38,200/year) for all drivers. This kind of parity is often a reason people choose to get started in the trucking industry- your pay is not significantly less than more experienced colleagues’.If you’re seeking a career that can be challenging and fulfilling while paying the bills and letting you travel, trucking  could just be the right choice for you. And if you have the ability to find Zen even in the most obnoxious traffic jams, all the better!

Analysis of Bosch Company Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 112

Analysis of Bosch Company - Essay Example Consequently, it has also employed over 306,000 employees who work tirelessly for the success of this company (Savitz 12-56). The company has a clear vision and mission statements that motivate all employees to work harder in ensuring that it progresses positively. The company started as a workshop for engineering but later opened other branches in London, Paris, and New York due to its speedy growth. The company majors on specific technological business sectors, which include the Industrial Technology, Automotive Technology, Automation Technology, and the Packaging Technological sector (De Tolnay). Bosch Company's vision is to improve the lives of all people through technological advancement and development. Robert Bosch main intention was to promote the moral and physical development of the society so that individuals may endure all kinds of hardship and become productive members later in their lives. The vision of Bosch Company was to ensure that most of the society members lived with dignity, consequently leading a quality life and enhancing sustainable advancement in the future through industrial-technological advancement (Savitz 12-56). Consequently, the company aims at improving the economic development of the nation by enhancing financial interdependence and cultural diversification. Additionally, it promotes economic development with the intention of overcoming its challenges and improving the strength of the company. The vision of the company guides it and directs it towards achieving success in the end (De Tolnay). It also acts as a foundation to structural changes in the company consequently resulting in its growth and development. The company's mission steers it towards achieving success since it directs its efforts towards reaching its goals and objectives.  

Personal Educational Platform Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Personal Educational Platform - Essay Example Encourage interns to address the problems of socially excluded segment in the culturally diverse society in the current times of rapid globalization. Education empowers children. It also equips children with social and academic skills that widen their understanding of people and environment (Kurland et al., 2010). Moreover, education is intrinsically linked to the advancement of the society and helps children to contribute constructively to the development of the nation. Mentorship is important as it helps inculcates honesty, integrity and being ethical and knowledgeable. It also encourages trust in the mentee and belief in their competencies and values. Furthermore, mentors empower their mentees with knowledge and necessary skills in the area of education so as to become responsible citizen and constructive worker of society. Honesty, integrity, ethical considerations and sense of equity were vital attributes of educational leaders that influence the development of children positively. Better understanding of cross-cultural values helped me to impart education to diverse group of students that promoted social equity. It also revealed the importance of being able to connect with children and develop their interests in the studies. I have strong communication skills. It can be exploited in my teaching profession to build bonds with students and influence their academic achievements. It can be especially useful in education of children who are excluded like drug addicts, teenaged pregnant girl students etc. I have low understanding of cross-cultural values. In the contemporary multicultural society, cultural understanding is vital for teachers as it equips them to exploit cultural competencies of the students. Most importantly, enhancing cultural understanding promotes mutual respect and trust between students and interns for effective learning. School culture is important as it promotes equity across students coming from

Impact of Party Drugs on the Youth Culture Essay Example for Free

Impact of Party Drugs on the Youth Culture Essay Adolescence refers to the age group from 14 to 26 years. Ten percent of this age group use party drugs (Bennett, 2003). According to Arnett (2004) , this period of development is distinguished by five characteristics: identity exploration, instability, self-focus, a feeling of in-between and possibilities (Arnett, 2004, pg. 14). It is against these five characteristics that the impact of party drugs on the youth culture will be assessed. This essay will explore how the characteristics of adolescence place teenagers at risk from drug experimentation and how the perception of policy makers will influence the community’s response to the problem. The exploration of identity involves having a range of experiences that provides the adolescent with the means to assess the possibilities for the purpose of formulating a distinctive self-image. To do this requires that the teenager have a range of experiences that seem distinct from those experienced through their parents. This journey of exploration results in an introverted focus on self and a sense of becoming, of being caught in the middle. In the individualised cultures of western societies, this transition involves a separation from parents and the construction of an independent self-sufficient identity (Arnett, 2004). The instability can often manifest in ‘risky behaviours’. Although adolescence is a time for the construction of a unique self identity, it is also a time when a sense of belonging is engendered through common cultural construction. One subset of this cultural construction is the rave party scene that is a global phenomenon of the youth subculture (Shapiro, 1999). A rave party is often a large gathering of young people in an atmosphere where there is music and laser lights. This sub-culture is linked to the drug culture through party drugs such as ecstasy and ketamine. The effect of these drugs is to create a sense of wellbeing and a feeling of lightness. The choice to take drugs is an individual one and is part of the desire to escape from the pressures of adolescence. The rave party by its very nature is essentially a form of escape. What then are adolescences escaping from? The very nature of adolescence: the sense of being without identity, the lack of a mental framework to manage the adult world and the pressures of identity construction, create tensions in the person. This escapism is not confined to adolescences as many adults abuse alcohol and amphetamines as a means of escaping the pressures of the adult world. For many users, taking the drug is part of the risk behaviour of adolescence that has the pay-off of feelings of well-being. They do not se themselves as drug users as they do not view their use of party drugs as being a problem. This normalises drug use and makes it difficult for agencies to intervene (Duff, 2003). It is wrong however to assume that all users are escaping from something. One of the features of adolescence is the search for identity and self meaning. This search behaviour creates a heightened sense of curiosity in adolescents as they seek to make sense of self. This curiosity can evolve unconsciously to drug abuse through prolonged use as a result of the uplifting effects of the first experience. The need to fund the regular purchase of the drug can lead into dealing. Bad experiences often will not cause a rejection of the drug as these pale against the many pleasures that the individual has experienced. The chain of events can have dire consequences for the individual as a health problem becomes a criminal problem. The long term destruction that criminalisation of drugs causes to young people is good reason to see drug abuse as a health problem. Within party drug users there are the same segments that are feature of any drug user cross section. Some users abuse the drug and are at risk from overdose and dehydration. Others are more controlled and cautious in their use. This group is at risk from being unable to identify the ingredients of the drug that they are purchasing. One of the key problems with party drugs is the inability for the buyer to know the ingredients contained in the drug that they are purchasing (VAAD, 2003). Users of party drugs will tend to repeat their use on a regular basis. According to Baxter (2003) users are concerned that there is no means of determining the purity and reducing the level of risk. Males tend to use party drugs more frequently than females. This tends to indicate that there is greater gender difference where males are less risk averse. This trend is declining as more and more females are using party drugs. This trend reflects the emancipation of women and a stronger sense of independence amongst adolescent women. The traditional delineation of the rite of passage for the male and the female have become blurred in modern society. Women will often use drugs to challenge the traditional perceptions of their role in society. Within the community, there are people that see drug abuse as being criminal while others see it as a social and health problem. The criminal perspective adopts a punishment solution with rehabilitation. Such a position can have a long term effect on the individual due to problems faced with travel and employment. Community response is to increase policing and to use strategies such as sniffer dogs in public and undercover police at venues to catch the suppliers and users. Police raids will be conducted on rave parties. Such an approach marginalises the rave culture and runs the risk of impairing the social development of the individual. The perspective that sees the issue as a health issue seeks to develop preventative programmes that educate people. Greater understanding is sought for the motivation of young people for taking drugs through social research. Strategies for assisting at risk people are developed that provides for free, readily available access to health care and treatment. The health professional will often argue for the decriminalisation of the drug so that it can be obtained in a controlled manner and the purity of the product guaranteed. When considered against the characteristics of adolescence as provided by Arnett (2004), this approach appears to be the least detrimental to the social and personal development of the adolescent. Government programs, such as Ravesafe, adopt this approach. One of the prime reasons that this approach should prevail is that party drugs are seen by the user as being catalysts for self reflection and construction of identity. Their sense of self and social relationships results in a positive self-image which may be in contradiction to how they feel when in the adult world. The party drug tends to alleviate insecurity and doubt. Research has shown that there might be some overflow from the atmosphere of the rave party to real life. The need for early intervention arises from the research findings that drug abuse is often a precursor for youth suicide, crime and metal illness (VAAD, 2003). Interventionist strategies will view drug use as a problem which immediately places the interventionist in opposition to the youth culture. The clash between the pleasures of the drug and the potential harm of the drug creates a generational clash (Duff, 2003). To deal with the issue it is necessary to accept the reality of use and work on fostering environments that support safe use. If this is provided then it will reduce the ‘trial and error’ approach that is a feature of the risk behaviour of adolescents. VAAD (2003) found that the problem can be best solved through drug education that must resist seeing the youth culture as a homogeneous group. Adolescents involved in the rave scene come from a wide variety of backgrounds (Shapiro, 1999). Because there is little understanding of the attitudes of youth subgroups within the rave scene it is necessary for more research to be done (Baxter, 2003). In this way the content and approach of the drug education programme can directly appeal to the target segment. This will help in a more receptive response from the target group. In conclusion, the developmental characteristics of adolescence creates a natural disposition towards drug experimentation amongst some segments of teenagers. Party drugs are often seen as being part of the scene that assist in the integration of the individual with both self and the group that they belong to. Drug use can be used by the female gender to reconstruct identity. Given these features, the perspective that drug use should be a criminal offence resulting in punishment and long term consequences for the individual seems self defeating. The view that drug abuse has the potential to be a health problem will result in a community response that is more supportive to the individual. The safety of the drug can be established and the social stigma placed on adolescents can be removed. Social policy needs to consider the developmental characteristics of adolescence in its construction.

oppertunity costs :: essays research papers

In today’s society, economic decisions made involve the concept of scarcity. There are â€Å"opportunity costs† associated with any choice that you make. In order for an economy to produce more of one type of product, it will be forced to sacrifice units of production of another product. The shifting of resources from the production of one good to another involves increasing sacrifices of the first good in order to generate an equal increase of the second good. This is known as the â€Å"law of increasing opportunity costs.† The economic rational for the law of increasing opportunity costs is that economic resources are not completely adaptable to alternative uses. The opportunity cost of producing a product tends to increase as more of it is produced because resources less suitable to its production must be employed.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Prices are a measure of opportunity cost because they provide information about the value of one product in relation to another.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The shape of the Productions Possibility Frontier, (PPF), illustrates the principle of increasing opportunity costs (Graph 3). As more of one product is produced, increasingly larger amounts of the other product must be given up. In Graph 3, some factors of production are suited for producing both Product A and Product B, but as the production of one of the other brands increases, resources better suited to production of the other must be diverted. Producers of product A are not necessarily efficient producers of product B and just the opposite, so the opportunity cost increases as one moves toward either extreme on the curve of the production possibility frontier. If two products are very similar to one another, the production possibility frontier may be D’Orlando 2 shaped more like a straight line (Graph 2). As an example, let’s say that two brands of wine are produced, Brand A and Brand B. These two brands of wine use the same grapes and the production process is the same. The only thing that is different is the name on the label. The same factors of production can produce either brand equally efficiently. If an increase in production of Brand B goes from 0 to 3 bottles, the production of Brand A must be decreased by 3 bottles. In this case, the two products are almost identical and can be produced equally efficiently using the same resources. The opportunity cost of producing one over the other remain constant between the two extremes

Rhetorical Analysis of “Pink Think”

Women have been told what to do since the beginning of time. â€Å"Pink Think† furthers that idea. This article by Lynn Peril explains what influences have impacted the way females act and think. Emotional appeal, the use of the theory pink think and her use of specific examples from history all come together to establish her case that women have been expected to fit into a specific mold in order to be a successful woman in life. Every woman feels the need to fit in with society. By fitting in, the woman would get the perfect guy, be successful in life and feel included.Lynn Peril shows how the attitude of Pink think made women feel the need to fit in. There were articles that showed the joys of housewifery. Women who read these articles felt that if they were a housewife and enjoyed the aspects of it written in the article, they fit in. It is a trait in women that all women want to fit in. We look in magazines and wish to look and dress like the models. This was what women th ought about Pink think. It was the â€Å"in† way to act and think. Women who thought this way fit in and those who did no wanted to so that they could fit in.Lynn Peril shows how Pink think made women want to fit in, and it worked. The theory of Pink Think is a set of ideas and attitudes about what constitutes proper female behavior. It was very popular from the 1940s to the 1970s. The theory of Pink think is the main argument of this essay. The cultural mindset of Pink think touched every female. The women read about it in articles, teens learned about it in their home economics textbooks, and little girls learned the feminine behaviors in games such as Miss. Popularity.With all the aspects of a woman’s life having some type of Pink think, it is no wonder women felt the need to fit into this mold. Pink think also told women that femininity was the only way to get and marry a man. And that was the only way to have a child, which was what women were supposed to do. Pink think also â€Å"made beauty, charm, and submissive behavior of mandatory importance to women of all ages in order to win a man’s attention and hold his interest after marriage. † It made women believe the only thing to do in life was to please a man.Pink think took over the way women act and thought in order to fit into what society thought a woman should be like. The use of specific examples in â€Å"Pink Think† helped Lynn Peril show that this theory influenced women in any stage of their life. Pink think influenced women from the way they put on their bathing suit to the choice of contraception. The example that had a real influence on me was the Miss America competition of 1961. Nancy Fleming’s answer to just kick both of her heals off and continue down the runway was a good one, but her answer that too many women were working and they should just be at home was shocking.Also the fact that she won after that answer really surprised me. Fleming was p utting women throughout the country down and saying they should just stay at home and have no place in the workforce. Women should have the choice to work or stay at home. I do not think the role model for America should have told the world that women are over powering men and her place is in the home. Peril’s use of several specific examples allows her to connect to deferent readers. By having several examples, Lynn Peril expands the audience that she affects.By using emotional appeal, the use of Pink think, and several specific examples Lynn Peril shows readers how women were influenced to act and think a certain way. Some of these attitudes are still looming around today. Just because Pink think was popular from 1940-1970, does not mean the idea does not show up today. Women are still expected to act and think a certain way. Lynn Peril showed how women were supposed to act back then, and it has changed in present day, but some ideas are still around. Rhetorical Analysis of â€Å"Pink Think† Women have been told what to do since the beginning of time. â€Å"Pink Think† furthers that idea. This article by Lynn Peril explains what influences have impacted the way females act and think. Emotional appeal, the use of the theory pink think and her use of specific examples from history all come together to establish her case that women have been expected to fit into a specific mold in order to be a successful woman in life. Every woman feels the need to fit in with society. By fitting in, the woman would get the perfect guy, be successful in life and feel included.Lynn Peril shows how the attitude of Pink think made women feel the need to fit in. There were articles that showed the joys of housewifery. Women who read these articles felt that if they were a housewife and enjoyed the aspects of it written in the article, they fit in. It is a trait in women that all women want to fit in. We look in magazines and wish to look and dress like the models. This was what women th ought about Pink think. It was the â€Å"in† way to act and think. Women who thought this way fit in and those who did no wanted to so that they could fit in.Lynn Peril shows how Pink think made women want to fit in, and it worked. The theory of Pink Think is a set of ideas and attitudes about what constitutes proper female behavior. It was very popular from the 1940s to the 1970s. The theory of Pink think is the main argument of this essay. The cultural mindset of Pink think touched every female. The women read about it in articles, teens learned about it in their home economics textbooks, and little girls learned the feminine behaviors in games such as Miss. Popularity.With all the aspects of a woman’s life having some type of Pink think, it is no wonder women felt the need to fit into this mold. Pink think also told women that femininity was the only way to get and marry a man. And that was the only way to have a child, which was what women were supposed to do. Pink think also â€Å"made beauty, charm, and submissive behavior of mandatory importance to women of all ages in order to win a man’s attention and hold his interest after marriage. † It made women believe the only thing to do in life was to please a man.Pink think took over the way women act and thought in order to fit into what society thought a woman should be like. The use of specific examples in â€Å"Pink Think† helped Lynn Peril show that this theory influenced women in any stage of their life. Pink think influenced women from the way they put on their bathing suit to the choice of contraception. The example that had a real influence on me was the Miss America competition of 1961. Nancy Fleming’s answer to just kick both of her heals off and continue down the runway was a good one, but her answer that too many women were working and they should just be at home was shocking.Also the fact that she won after that answer really surprised me. Fleming was p utting women throughout the country down and saying they should just stay at home and have no place in the workforce. Women should have the choice to work or stay at home. I do not think the role model for America should have told the world that women are over powering men and her place is in the home. Peril’s use of several specific examples allows her to connect to deferent readers. By having several examples, Lynn Peril expands the audience that she affects.By using emotional appeal, the use of Pink think, and several specific examples Lynn Peril shows readers how women were influenced to act and think a certain way. Some of these attitudes are still looming around today. Just because Pink think was popular from 1940-1970, does not mean the idea does not show up today. Women are still expected to act and think a certain way. Lynn Peril showed how women were supposed to act back then, and it has changed in present day, but some ideas are still around.

Description of personal warm-up Essay

Before training or playing a match in my sport I will always follow a warm-up program. This warm-up will help prevent injury such as muscle pulls and tears. As well as being physically prepared it will also help me be mentally prepared which is especially important in a match situation. My warm-up consists of a few running drills and then into a set of stretches followed by some skilled drills. It is very important to do some running drills before stretching as muscles need to be stretched when warm to prevent injury. A simple 3 minute jog would warm the muscles enough for stretching. Stretches These are the stretches that I would go through. Each stretch has a diagram, to demonstrate how the stretch is done, and the names of the muscles being stretched. Neck muscles (Sternocleidomastoid and scalenes) Shoulder muscle (Deltoids, Trapezius and Triceps) Spine Quadriceps (Rectus temoris and Sartoius) Hamstrings Gluteus Maximas (Gluteuls) Groin (Pectinus, Odducta longas and Odducta magnus) Skilled drills The final part of my warm up consists of practicing skills with my teammates. There are many forms that we can practice skills with. Grid work Grid work will be set out with players on four corners facing each other as shown in the diagram. = players = running path The players will run to the opposite corner of the grid with a rugby ball and pass it on the player facing them. They can pass it on in number of ways; * A simple pass * A pop pass for the player to run onto * A high pass for the player to jump for * A gut pass Lateral passing Another drill that can be used is the lateral passing drill. Rather than passing forward in grid work, lateral passing consists of passing backwards down a line like a match situation. Players should be in several groups of about 3 to 6 and they should line up at two opposite ends as shown in the diagram. = players = running path = ball path Each group should run to the other end while passing the ball along the line. The distance should be enough for the ball to go down the line 3 times. Benefits of a warm up If a warm up is carried out in the right way it can give many benefits: * Loss of muscle stiffness * As haemoglobin releases oxygen easier at higher muscle temperatures there is facilitated oxygen utilization by the muscles * Speed and force of contraction is increased as the higher temperature of the muscle gives it more energy * Vascular beds dilate in the active tissues increasing blood flow * As muscles are warmed there is reduced resistance which allows a greater economy of movement * Reduces chance of injuries such as tears, pulls etc. Cool down A cool down is just important as the warm up and should always be done after training or a match. I will always cool down after a match or training with my team by simply jogging for 5-10 minutes. This will gently decrease my body temperature. I will also do a series of stretches for 5-10 minutes. Benefits of a cool down A cool down will give a number of benefits: * Reduce the chances of DOMS (Delayed-onset muscle soreness) * Decrease the level of adrenaline in the blood * Helps in the release of lactic acid in the muscles

Teaching Course about Excretion in Animals

Teaching Course about Excretion in Animals Introduction Organized teaching strategies are featured by credible learning tools to facilitate effective perception. We can attribute the attainment of knowledge to proper instructional design. One key and fundamental component of these designs involves the establishment of a course outline.Advertising We will write a custom proposal sample on Teaching Course about Excretion in Animals specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Consequently, this project targets on establishing an effective outline to guide the teaching of a course in a five-week e-learning class. In a bid to perform this task, I will make a comprehensive description of the outline that will include the objectives, pedagogies, and outcomes. Course Description The course will involve delivery of knowledge about excretion in animals. Apparently, students understand the basic facts of excretion in humans. This is because they had taken earlier prerequisite courses of the current course. Therefore, I expect responses for questions about excretory mechanisms in mammals. However, there must be strategies to combine the distinct and outrageous topics under this learning. I know that animals are many and they depict different mechanisms of excretion. Consequently, instructions must try to separate the topics for the students to prevent confusion among student. There are many classes of animal that will be studied in the course of teaching. These will include mammals, arthropods, birds, fishes, and reptiles among others. Since this study will be performed through e-learning, the strategies chosen must evaluate the students properly. Additionally, I will account for the limitation that arises with e-learning teaching strategies. Course Pedagogy The instructions will involve students on online discussion where questions are asked by all parties (students and the teacher). An online discussion forum will allow students to view the comments of other students. For in stance, I can raise a question about the differences of excretion in birds and reptiles. The discussion forum will allow all students to see the answers of other students. I will choose the appropriate time for online class attendance. For instance, I could set a class to begin at 1400hrs to facilitate effective discussions because most students will be available at the time. Also, the instructions will incorporate the use of assessment techniques to boost students’ interactions and corporations. Therefore, correct answers and active participation will be awarded marks accordingly.Advertising Looking for proposal on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Since we cannot manage to handle all the topics in classes, I will give students assignment. For instance, I could assign the students a topic on describing excretion in reptiles. After choosing this topic, I will set and announce a deadline for submitting the assignment online. If submissions are made past the deadline, extra deductions will be employed on the total marks awarded. Course Objectives Naka (1974) identified that objectives are critical tools of pedagogy. I will, therefore, set clear objectives to facilitate the attainment of the educational goals. What do I need the students to learn? At the end of the teaching, students will be able to perform the following tasks. Explain the excretory mechanisms in the class level of animals Differentiate between the mechanisms of excretion exhibited by animals Make comparison between excretory systems in the classes Knows the roles played by excretory systems to adapt animals in their habitat Explain evolution in terms of excretory systems These objectives will aim at achieving high perception and understanding in the students. After achieving these objectives, students will be potent to satisfy the ultimate goal of the course. In this case, they will satisfy the goal of understan ding excretion in animals. Course Outcomes Effective learning is reliant on the expectation that an instructor sets in his/her conscience. According to Jarvis (2005), there exists a correlation between the perception of students and a teacher’s expectation. Jarvis argued that when a teacher has high expectations on the results, s/he teaches exhaustively to attain his/her expectations. I will applaud this articulation by setting the outcomes of the instructions. In applauding the articulation, I expect that students will pay attention to the e-learning because I have devised strategies to make the classes mandatory. For instance, student will not receive marks if they do not participate on the discussions. Therefore, the regulation of class attendance will warrant commitment of the entire class to all activities in the instructions. Furthermore, students will be able to discuss, share, and discover other learning issues that will diversify their knowledge amicably. Additionall y, students will research for information regarding the assignment. This will initiate the needs to know and establish a base to distinguish between corporative students and non-corporative students. Apparently, the teaching will improve the knowledge of students and make them ready for the final exams. Conclusion Critique and effective arrangement to initiate the need of understanding and improve the perception of students is fundamental in education. Instructors must, therefore, declare to organize the teaching before attending any class. In fact, Dixon and Senior managed to research and conclude that student’s perception is directly related to the organization of an instructor.Advertising We will write a custom proposal sample on Teaching Course about Excretion in Animals specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Poor class performance, therefore, depicts that a teacher is not arranging for the instructions to deliver. Awareness is vital to caution teachers about unstructured teaching sessions that are equivalent to teaching confusions. Instead of confusing the students, it is vital to avoid the instructions and allow the student to perform their genuine studies from books, articles and other sources. References Dixon, M., Senior, K. (2011) Appearing pedagogy: from embodied learning and teaching to embodied pedagogy. Pedagogy culture society, 19(3), 473-484. Jarvis, M. (2005). The psychology of effective learning and teaching. Cheltenham: Nelson Thornes. Naka, A. (1974). Pedagogy. Tokyo: Centre of East Asian Cultural Studies.

Sopwith Camel - Top World War I Fighter

Sopwith Camel - Top World War I Fighter The iconic Allied aircraft of World War I (1914-1918), the Sopwith Camel entered service in mid-1917 and helped the reclaim the skies over the Western Front from the Deutsche Luftstreitkrfte (Imperial German Air Service). An evolution of an earlier Sopwith fighter, the Camel mounted twin .30 cal. Vickers machine guns and was capable of around 113 mph in level flight. A difficult aircraft for novices to fly, its idiosyncrasies made it one of the most maneuverable aircraft on either side in the hands of an experienced pilot. These characteristics helped make it the most lethal Allied fighter of the war.   Design Development: Designed by Herbert Smith, the Sopwith Camel was a follow-on aircraft to the Sopwith Pup. A largely successful aircraft, the Pup had become outclassed by new German fighters, such as the Albatros D.III in early 1917. The result was a period known as Bloody April which saw Allied squadrons sustain heavy losses as their Pups, Nieuport 17s, and older aircraft were downed in large numbers by the Germans. Initially known as the Big Pup the Camel was initially powered by a 110 hp Clerget 9Z engine and featured a visually heavier fuselage than its predecessor. This was largely composed of fabric over a wooden frame with plywood panels around the cockpit and an aluminum engine cowling. Structurally, the aircraft featured a straight upper wing with a very pronounced dihedral on the lower wing. The new Camel was the first British fighter to utilize twin .30 cal. Vickers machine guns firing through the propeller. The metal fairing over the guns breeches, which was intended to keep the weapons from freezing at higher altitudes, formed a hump which led to the aircrafts name. A nickname, the term Camel was never officially adopted by the Royal Flying Corps. Handling Within in the fuselage, the engine, pilot, guns, and fuel were grouped within the first seven feet of the aircraft. This forward center of gravity, coupled with the significant gyroscopic effect of the rotary engine, made the aircraft difficult to fly particularly for novice aviators. This was a significant change from earlier Sopwith aircraft which had been considered fairly easy to fly. To facilitate the transition to the aircraft, two-seat trainer variants of the Camel were produced. The Sopwith Camel was known to climb in a left turn and dive in a right turn. Mishandling the aircraft often could lead to a dangerous spin. Also, the aircraft was known to be consistently tail heavy in level flight at low altitudes and required steady forward pressure on the control stick to maintain a steady altitude. While these handling characteristics challenged pilots, they also made the Camel extremely maneuverable and lethal in combat when flown by a skilled pilot such as Canadian ace William George Barker. Sopwith Camel - Specifications: General Length: 18 ft. 9 in.Wingspan: 26 ft. 11 in.Height: 8 ft. 6 in.Wing Area: 231 sq. ft.Empty Weight: 930 lbs.Crew: 1 Performance Power Plant: 1 Ãâ€" Clerget 9B 9-cylinder Rotary engine, 130 hpRange: 300 milesMax Speed: 113 mphCeiling: 21,000 ft. Armament Guns: 2 Ãâ€" .30 cal. Vickers machine guns Production Flying for the first time on December 22, 1916, with Sopwith test pilot Harry Hawker at the controls, the prototype Camel impressed and the design was further developed. Accepted into service by the Royal Flying Corps as the Sopwith Camel F.1, the majority of the production aircraft were powered by 130 hp Clerget 9B engine. The first order for the aircraft was issued by the War Office in May 1917. Subsequent orders saw the production run total around 5,490 aircraft. During its production, the Camel was fitted with a variety of engines including the 140 hp Clerget 9Bf, 110 hp Le Rhone 9J, 100 hp Gnome Monosoupape 9B-2, and 150 hp Bentley BR1. Operational History Arriving at the front in June 1917, the Camel debuted with No.4 Squadron Royal Naval Air Service and quickly showed its superiority over the best German fighters, including both the Albatros D.III and D.V. The aircraft next appeared with No. 70 Squadron RFC and ultimately would be flown by over fifty RFC squadrons. An agile dog fighter, the Camel, along with the Royal Aircraft Factory S.E.5a and the French SPAD S.XIII, played a key role in reclaiming the skies over the Western Front for the Allies. In addition to British use, 143 Camels were purchased by the American Expeditionary Force and flown by several of its squadrons. The aircraft was also used by Belgian and Greek units. Other Uses In addition to service ashore, a navalized version of the Camel, the 2F.1, was developed for use by the Royal Navy. This aircraft featured a slightly shorter wingspan and replaced one of the Vickers machine guns with a .30 cal Lewis gun firing over the top wing. Experiments were also conducted in 1918 using 2F.1s as parasite fighters carried by British airships. Camels were also used as night fighters though with some modifications. As the muzzle-flash from the twin Vickers wrecked the pilots night vision, the Camel Comic night fighter possessed twin Lewis guns, firing incendiary ammunition, mounted on the upper wing. Flying against German Gotha bombers, the Comics cockpit was situated farther aft than the typical Camel to allow the pilot to more easily reload the Lewis guns. Later Service By mid-1918, the Camel was slowly becoming out-classed by new fighters arriving on the Western Front. Though it remained in frontline service due to development issues with its replacement, the Sopwith Snipe, the Camel was increasingly used in a ground support role. During the German Spring Offensives flights of Camels attacked German troops with devastating effect. On these missions the aircraft typically strafed enemy positions and dropped 25-lb. Cooper bombs. Replaced by the Snipe at the conclusion of World War I the Camel downed a minimum of 1,294 enemy aircraft making it the deadliest Allied fighter of the war. Following the war, the aircraft was retained by several nations including the United States, Poland, Belgium, and Greece. In the years after the war, the Camel became entrenched in pop culture through a variety of films and books about the air war over Europe. More recently, the Camel commonly appeared in the popular Peanuts cartoons as the favored plane of Snoopy during his imaginary battles with the Red Baron.

Discussion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 159

Discussion - Essay Example In terms of my situation for consideration in class, educational leaders employing inspirational power in their management agenda achieve better results as compared to those employing coercive power in their leadership. The theory relevant to this scenario is Jean-Jacques Rousseau postulation that the practice of edification ought to endorse and hearten learners creativeness and ingenuity (Rebore, 2013). As further outlined by Rebore (2013), this postulation was based on the notion of independence and citizenship. The kind of power employed in educational leadership therefore will determine the level of performance. For instance, Rebore (2013) points out that individuals in educational leadership positions should shun away from coercive power and should only be used when all other forms of power have failed to achieve the intended results. Inspirational power, on the other hand, is based on motivation and encouragement (Rebore, 2013) thus school districts are likely to achieve better outcomes both in and outside the school district. In summary, the situation I am bringing to class for consideration relates to the forms of power that can be employed by school districts to help achieve high levels of performance. The theory relevant to this scenario is Jean-Jacques Rousseau supposition that edification approaches must hearten ingenuity among

Settling a Lawsuit Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Settling a Lawsuit - Coursework Example The perception will give me significant power to influence the negotiation process (Carrell & Heavrin, 2008). However, it will be unethical for me to give false information and withhold technical information from the 30 people who have no legal background (Olekalns & Adair, 2013). Nevertheless, withholding such information from their representative would be ethical since the representative can anticipate this move. I would determine whether the negotiation depicts substantive fairness by analyzing the equitable distribution of value during the negotiations (Carrell & Heavrin, 2008). The negotiation should result in a fair arrangement to distribute the amount of money to be distributed to all parties. Moreover, the negotiation process should derive mutual settlement that includes the concessions and interests of all parties. All negotiation parties should cooperate in reaching a middle settlement that depicts concessions of the negotiating parties (Olekalns & Adair, 2013). I would determine whether the negotiation depicts substantive fairness by analyzing whether the negotiation outcome is a win-win situation for all negotiation parties. Ideally, the negotiation would achieve substantive fairness if it results to impartial, proportional, and reciprocating negotiation

Discussion Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 34

Discussion - Coursework Example One of the best treatments for VTE prophylaxis in stroke patients is the Trans esophageal echo-Doppler system (TEDS). Research by (Maltagliati, Galli, Tamborini, Calligaris, Doria, Salehi, Pepi, 2006) shows that this treatment is useful in coagulation that will aid in the healing of the patients. The patients can, therefore, be treated with the help of the Advanced Practice Nurses. scds, and Heparin or Lovenox are also quit useful in the treatment of VTE prophylaxis in stroke patients when the nurse properly administers the drugs. When nurses and physicians in an organization get used to doing things in a certain way, then this forms a particular organizational culture. This culture may interfere with the implementation of new things into the organization. One of the things that may be hindered by organizational culture is the implementation of evidence-based practice (EBP) (Aarons, Sawitzky, 2006). This research means that it may be difficult to implement some changes the TEDS treatment. However, with proper management and instructions the evidence-based research can be used to help patients in the organization. Maltagliati, A., Galli, C. A., Tamborini, G., Calligaris, A., Doria, E., Salehi, R., & Pepi, M. (2006). Usefulness of transoesophageal echocardiography before cardioversion in patients with atrial fibrillation and different anticoagulant regimens. Heart, 92(7),

The performance of Tanzania in international trade

The performance of Tanzania in international trade There are six main theories that govern international trade namely; classical trade theory, factor proportion theory, product life cycle theory, foreign direct investment theories, international production theory and internationalization theory. 1.1 Classical trade theory Countries gain if each devotes resources to the production of goods and services Ricardo (1817) in which it has an advantage Smith (1776). 1.2 Factor proportion theory Countries will tend to specialize in the production of goods and services that Hecksher and Ohlin (1933) utilize their most abundant resources 1.3 Product life cycle theory The cycle follows that: a countrys export strength builds; foreign production Vernon (1971) starts; foreign production becomes competitive in export markets; and Wells (1968, 1969) import competition emerges in the countrys home market 1.4 Foreign direct investment theories Market imperfections theory firms decision to invest overseas is explained as a strategy to capitalize on Hymer (1970) certain capabilities not shared by competitors in foreign countries 1.5 International production theory The propensity of a firm to initiate foreign production will depend on the specific Dunning (1980) attractions of its home country compared with resource implications and Fayerweather (1982) advantages of locating in another country 1.6 Internalization theory Internalization concerns extending the direct operations of the firm and bringing Buckley (1982, 1988) under common ownership and control the activities conducted by intermediate Buckley and Casson markets that link the firm to customers. 2.0 THE IMPORTANCE OF INTERNATIONAL TRADE The importance of international trade to a nations economic welfare and development has been heavily documented in the economics literature since Adam Smiths (1776) inquiry into nature and causes of the wealth of nations. This suggests that economies need to export goods and services in order to generate revenue to finance imported goods and services which cannot be produced indigenously (Coutts and Godley, 1992). The main indicators of a nations economic strength can be gauged from its gross domestic product (GDP), as this measure is an estimate of the value of goods and services produced by an economy in a given period (Tayeb, 1992). The notion that international trade can influence GDP has been explored by several economic theorists (Marin, 1992; Meier, 1984) and culminated in the export-led growth thesis. As export sales increase, other things being equal, the GDP of a nation will rise and provide a stimulus to improved economic well-being and societal prosperity. The way in which this relationship can be interpreted suggests that export performance has a stimulating effect throughout a countrys economy in the form of technological spillovers and other related favourable externalities (Marin, 1992). Export activities may exert these influences because exposure to international markets demands improved efficiency, and supports product and process innovation activities, while increases in specialization encourage profitable exploitation of economies of scale (Temple, 1994). Thus, the export-led growth thesis predicts export growth will cause economy-wide productivity gains in the form of enhanced levels of GDP. Another mechanism through which exports are connected with sustainable rates of economic growth is the balance of payments. The balance of payments constraint can be expressed as follows. In general, economic growth creates a variety of demands which cannot be satisfied solely by domestic output. The faster the rate of domestic demand, the more accelerated the growth of imports (Abdel- Malek, 1969). However, any excess of imports from one country to another, over and above exports requires the trade deficit to be financed by either government borrowing from overseas or drawing on the economys stock of assets. If this situation is sustained, it becomes vital for the home government to address the issue of such a trade imbalance (de Jonquieres, 1994; Hornby, 1994). Classical trade theory dictates that the extent to which a country exports and imports has a direct relationship to the trading pattern of the country with other nations. That is, countries are able to gain if they devote a certain amount of their resources to the generation of goods and services in which they have an economic advantage (Ricardo, 1817). Therefore, classical trade theory argues that a country generates goods and services in which it has an advantage, for consumption indigenously, and subsequently exports the surplus. It is for countries to import goods and services in which they have an economic disadvantage. Economic advantages/ disadvantages may arise from country differences in factors such as resource endowments, labour, capital, technology or entrepreneurship. Classical trade theory contends that the basis for international trade can be sourced to differences in production characteristics and resource endowments which are founded on domestic differences in natural and acquired economic advantages. However, over and above such a general insight into international trade, classical trade theory is unable to offer any explanation as to what causes differences in relative advantages. The factor proportion theory, in contrast to classical trade theory, is able to provide an explanation for the differences in advantage exhibited by trading countries. According to this theory, countries will tend to generate and export goods and services that harness large amounts of abundant production factors that they possess, and import goods that require large amounts of production factors which are scarce (Heckscher and Ohlin, 1933). Both of these theories stated above have been shown to be deficient in explaining more recent patterns of international trade. For example, the 1960s witnessed significant technological progress and the rise of the multinational enterprise, which resulted in a call for new theories of international trade to reflect changing commercial realities (Leontief, 1966). At that time, the product life cycle theory of international trade was found to be a useful framework for explaining and predicting international trade patterns as well as multinational enterprise expansion. This theory suggested that a trade cycle emerges where a product is produced by a parent firm, then by its foreign subsidiaries and finally anywhere in the world where costs are at their lowest possible (Vernon, 1966). Furthermore, it explains how a product may emerge as a countrys export and work through the life cycle to ultimately become an import. The essence of the international product life cycle is that technological innovation and market expansion are critical issues in explaining patterns of international trade. That is, technology is a key factor in creating and developing new products. Market size and structure are influential in determining the extent and type of international trade. While these theories are insightful, a number of modern international trade theories have emerged recently which take account of other important considerations such as government involvement and regulation. However, these theories make assumptions which detract from their potential significance and contribution to international business. For instance, they assume that: factors of production are immobile between countries; perfect information for international trade opportunities exists; and, traditional importing and exporting are the only mechanisms for transferring goods and services across national boundaries (Bradley, 1991). The market imperfections theory states that firms constantly seek market opportunities and their decision to invest overseas is explained as a strategy to capitalize on certain capabilities not shared by competitors in foreign countries (Hymer, 1970). The capabilities or advantages of firms are explained by market imperfections for products and factors of production. That is, the theory of perfect competition dictates that firms produce homogeneous products and enjoy the same level of access to factors of production. However, the reality of imperfect competition, which is reflected in industrial organization theory (Porter, 1985), determines that firms gain different types of competitive advantages and each to varying degrees. Nonetheless, market imperfections theory does not explain why foreign production is considered the most desirable means of harnessing the firms advantage. Dunning (1980) and Fayerweather (1982) have addressed this issue and developed what can be described as international production theory. International production theory suggests that the propensity of a firm to initiate foreign production depend on the specific attractions of its home country compared with resource implications and advantages of locating in another country. This theory makes it explicit that not only do resource differentials and the advantages of the firm play a part in determining overseas investment activities, but foreign government actions may significantly influence the piecemeal attractiveness and entry conditions for firms. This was extensively investigated by Buckley (1982, 1988) and Buckley and Casson (1976, 1985). Internalization theory centers on the notion that firms aspire to develop their own internal markets whenever transactions can be made at lower cost within the firm. Thus, internalization involves a form of vertical integration bringing new operations and activities, formerly carried out by intermediate markets, under the ownership and governance of the firm. 3.0 PERFORMANCE OF TANZANIA IN INTERNATIONAL TRADE AFTER JOINING REGIONAL TRADE PROTOCOLS. 3.1 Factors hindering performance of Tanzania in International trade Tanzania has not benefited as much as would be possible from the generous concessions offered by regional trade protocols. There are several factors that can be attributed to Tanzanias poor performance in international trade one of them being domestic supply constraints. Another factor is poor capacity to negotiate in international trade meetings due to lack of awareness. The issue of awareness is significant because successful participation in international trade matters requires knowledge of global developments in trade issues. Awareness helps to improve effectiveness of trade policy for Tanzania. Also, high level of awareness provides a benchmark based on which the effectiveness of agreements and negotiations can be measured. It has been revealed that many officials who represent Tanzania in international trade negotiations are not aware of some important regional trade protocol issues and thus fail to take advantage of preferences and opportunities that can increase the performance of Tanzania in international trade. Lack of awareness on regional trade protocols leads to poor performance of Tanzania in international trade. The table below shows the extent of awareness on regional trade protocols. Level of awareness among stakeholders on regional trade protocols Type of regional trade protocol Percentage of awareness SADC 18.3% AGOA 14.3% WTO 2.0% COMESA 9.9% EAC 2.0% EU-ACP 7.9% Source: Economic and Social Research Foundation (ESRF, 2008). The data above shows that the level of awareness on regional trade protocols among stakeholders is highest at 18.3% for SADC and lowest for WTO and EAC at 2.0%. These findings show that the level of awareness on regional trade protocols among stakeholders in Tanzania is very low and this hinders the performance of Tanzania in international trade and FDI. In most cases, the preparations for negotiations are poorly made, including poor consultation and coordination. Negotiators go in the negotiation table with a pre-determined position, a tendency that limits their flexibility to maximize gains from such negotiations. Another problem relates to insufficient analytical work before attending the negotiations. Another reason for poor performance of Tanzania in international trade negotiations is that the coordination of international trade is not centralized. For instance, negotiations and agreements for EAC are handled by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation while those of SADC are handled by under the Ministry of Industry and Trade that is also responsible for all multilateral trade issues. Another reason for poor performance of Tanzania in international trade is that the private sector in Tanzania has limited participation in international trade negotiations. Also, the private sector in Tanzania is not involved in formulation of international trade policies , hence limiting their experience and level of awareness on international trade issues compared to other countries which involve their private sectors. For instance, Tanzania Chamber of Commerce and Agriculture (TCCIA), Chamber of Industry and Trade (CTI) and Tanzania Private Sector Foundation (TPSF) are not involved in international trade negotiations, thus limiting the performance of Tanzania in international trade. Due to poor preparation with regard to international trade, Tanzania fails to benefit from international trade agreements. The poor participation of the private sector in Tanzania in regional trade protocols is mainly caused by lack of financial and human resources. To deal with the issue of lack of financial resources among the private sector, the government sometimes includes delegates from the private sector in trade missions especially when the delegations involve high-level government officials. Recently, the government has started to involve the private sector in regional trade negotiations. For instance, the private sector was involved in the EAC negotiations from the very beginning. Also, although CTI was partially involved in the EAC policy formulation, their participation was limited due to lack of awareness and willingness on part of the government. 3.2 Performance of Tanzania in FDI after joining regional trade protocols Among the objectives of Tanzania in joining regional trade protocols is facilitating Foreign Direct Investment (FDI). Along with expansion of market opportunities, regional trade protocols encourage FDI because investors are attracted to larger market and may thus anticipate enjoying larger economy of scale. Investors take advantage of wider market and expect their investments to expand. The East African Community for example has put in place a shared investment policy among member states with harmonized investment incentives for investors. The performance of Tanzania with regard to FDI has been much effective especially during the 1990S when the country underwent privatization after Structural Adjustment Programs. The table below shows the performance of FDI after regional trade protocols; FDI inflows to Tanzania from various regional trade protocols in US$ Millions 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 EAC 54.1 22.9 6.9 12.5 94.4 3.3 SADC 122.1 70.5 139.3 181 513 17.6 AGOA 325 151.4 31.6 52.1 560 19.3 EU-ACP 677 86.7 95.8 183 106 36.7 Source: Tanzania Investment Centre (TIC, 2008) The findings above show that Tanzania has attracted FDI mostly through EU-ACP countries followed by FDI from AGOA and SADC. Thus, it can be generalized that EE-ACP and AGOA have been the main source of FDI to Tanzania compared to other regional trade protocols that Tanzania has joined namely; EAC and SADC. This can be explained due to the fact that the African countries have low capital formation. 3.3 Performance of Tanzania under AGOA Regime The performance of Tanzania in AGOA is poor compared to the performance of other countries. For instance, during the first year of AGOA, Tanzania exported goods worth $ 899,000, mostly agricultural and forestry, handicrafts, horticulture and fish products. On the other hand, Kenya exported goods worth $57.1 million mostly textiles and apparel. The main reason for this poor performance is because Tanzania delayed to register for AGOA. On the issue of investments from USA which is also part of the AGOA trade protocol, Tanzania has failed to register meaningful investments from the United States due to several factors such as; corruption, poor infrastructures, high electricity cost and bureaucracy. Another reason is complicated laws regarding land ownership surrounding investment projects. The table below shows the performance of Tanzania under AGOA compared to other countries that participate in AGOA namely; Uganda, Kenya, Nigeria, South Africa and Lesotho. The data shows that, besides Uganda, Tanzania has had the worst performance in AGOA. This shows that regional trade protocols have had little impact on participation of Tanzania in international trade. Trade under AGOA for selected countries 000 US$ (2000-2008) Country Total exports to US AGOA export Tanzania 16594 716 Uganda 7282 22 Kenya 120,421 74963 Nigeria 3636192 3366165 South Africa 2646359 831805 Lesotho 208756 206349 Total 8927183 5723216 Source: BOT (2008). 3.4 Market Access and Technical Assistance Tanzanias participation in the WTO issues is through the Least Developed Countries (LDC) group. The countries forming the LDCs group are eligible to receive the special treatment under the WTO rules so as to enhance market access. However, Tanzanias participation in WTO has had little impact on the volume of their trade due to low export volume. On the other hand, Tanzania has benefited from technical assistance through various initiatives such as; Joint Integrated Technical Assistance Program (JITAP), which involves UNCTAD, WTO and ITC. The objectives of such assistance were to improve the performance and capacity stakeholders to understand regional trade protocols. Special and differential treatment has been useful for poor countries such as Tanzania. 3.5 Performance of Tanzania in international trade after joining regional trade protocols. The tables below show the performance of Tanzania in international trade after four regional trade protocols namely EU-ACP, SADC, EAC and AGOA. The findings are shown in terms of exports made by Tanzania to other countries and imports made by Tanzania as shown below; Tanzania exports to different countries in US$ Millions 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 EU-ACP 226 241 214 362 432 474 SADC 22.3 15.1 13.8 18.4 21 51.3 EAC 22.4 32.8 28.7 40.7 43.6 40.8 USA 21.4 12.8 18 15.2 15.1 13.5 Source: Bank of Tanzania (BOT, 2008). The findings above show that exports from Tanzania to other countries have been mainly to EU-ACP countries followed by exports to EAC countries, SADC countries and to a little extent to the United States of America. This shows that regional trade protocols have had little impact on international trade in Tanzania because exports to EU countries have been there even before Tanzania joined regional trade protocols. Tanzania imports from different countries in US$ Millions 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 EU-ACP 367.1 514 413 344 389 391 SADC 139 179 196 194 221 211 EAC 87.8 108 101 98.9 107 97.8 USA 52.6 81.3 99.2 58.9 65 91 Source: Bank of Tanzania (BOT, 2008). The findings shown in the table above show that imports from Tanzania to other countries have been mostly to EU-ACP countries; followed by those from SADC countries, EAC countries and the United States. These findings again show that regional trade protocols have had little impact on international trade because imports from EU countries were there even before Tanzania joined regional trade protocols. 4.0 THE STATUS OF TANZANIAS IMPLEMENTATION OF REGIONAL TRADE PROTOCOLS Below is a description of the status for Tanzania in the following key issues regarding regional trade protocols. 4.1 Conformity to the WTO rules: Tanzania needs good and timely information about WTO decisions (and their interpretation) and a capacity to influence the new agenda of the WTO at an early stage. The WTO is member-driven and reacts only to member initiatives. 4.2 Import liberalization issues: This is a requirement that the country should comply with the WTO agreement on removal of trade barriers by cutting down tariffs and other non-tariff barriers. Tanzania has already complied with most of the Uruguay Round (UR) requirement on its imports licensing and tariff regimes. The remaining challenge is to transform such reforms into institutions by drafting legislation to support them. 4.3 Agriculture trade: Tanzania is in compliance with the negotiations and agreements on agriculture (subsidies and market access). However, the country needs to closely monitor the forthcoming negotiations on agriculture as the requirements could be tightened. 4.4 Treatment of Non-Tariff Barriers: Since Non Tariff Barriers (NTB) are varied by country own economic measures to control trade, an important issue is whether the NTBs contradict WTO rules. Another one is the extent through which NTB are source of trade disputes between countries. 4.5 Subsidies: As with NTBs, United Republic of Tanzania needs to re-examine all Government measures to see if they are in conflict with the new provisions on subsidies. 4.6 Anti-dumping rules, countervailing actions and safeguards: For formal compliance with the WTO, United Republic of Tanzania must see that the national and regional (EAC and SADC) rules and procedures on anti-dumping, countervailing, and safeguards are reformed to fit the WTO rules, and this appears to be underway. 4.7 Customs valuation and other custom rules: United Republic of Tanzania is fast thriving to complete its customs valuation reforms that should make it conformable to the WTO rule on customs valuation. According to the interview with the officials in the MIT, it is hoped that this exercise will be complete by July 2004. This also includes measures to remove the Pre-shipment inspection procedure to enhance efficiency in custom administration. 4.8 Trade Related Investment Measures (TRIMS): Under GATT 1947, investment law had not been central to its rules, and countries have been able to ignore the rules. Tanzania needs at least to be aware of the rules and its vulnerabilities if it does not adapt to them, given the wide variety of types of investment regime that are used by different countries. 4.9 Standards: International standards are becoming more common, and for countries, which have not yet set their own, adopting these at an early stage may be a particularly efficient step. An alternative for United Republic of Tanzania in a region like the EAC or SADC is to shift to regional standards. However; while this may be cost saving, it still leaves the future costs of adapting such standards when an international standard is eventually set. Notifications of regional standards have been made for the EAC. These need to be made by Tanzania because EAC is not yet a recognized region in the WTO. 4.10 Services: As there were effectively no minimum requirements for services offers in the Uruguay Round, Tanzania formally complied. But there will be much more pressure in the next round to make substantive offers. The WTO has made provision for technical assistance to be availed to the LDCs regarding services liberalization, but for Tanzania has not yet been a clear indication of the type of assistance to be requested. Yet, in future requirements for more offers for service trade liberalization, Tanzania, among other countries, may not have a benchmark upon which to make offers. Even where the WTO may offer one, it may not necessarily be suitable for Tanzania as least developed country. 4.11 Trade Related Intellectual Property (TRIPS): Tanzania must comply with the TRIPS rules within the 2003-2010 period. Tanzania has legal systems that are likely to be adaptable to the standard forms and so the costs of adoption to the TRIPS will not be substantial. 4.12 Government Procurement: There is no obligation to join agreement on Government Procurement, and a few developing countries have. Whether Tanzania should join depends on whether it wants to export to government purchasers who have joined the agreement, and whether it wants to give preference to any local suppliers who would be in competition with potential foreign suppliers. If a substantial proportion of a countrys government expenditure is financed by aid, there may be other constraints on its purchasing. 4.13 Labour and the Environment: There is no need for immediate action on labour or environmental issues to meet international standards (except for the existing environmental protocols and obligations under ILO Conventions). But there will be opportunities for Tanzania to use environmental arguments in trade negotiations, especially when such arguments are useful for some products. 5.0 MEASURES TAKEN TO IMPROVE INTERNATIONAL TRADE Several measures have been taken to improve the performance of Tanzania in international trade with regard to regional trade protocols. Such measures include seeking assistance from donors to facilitate international trade. Donors support regional integration programs and activities under COMESA and SADC and this has benefited members States including Tanzania. Among such donors include; United States Agency for International Development (USAID), GTZ, UNCTAD, UNDP and UNIDO. Also, the European Union is funding a number of projects aimed at improving international trade. Within EAC, projects aimed at improving international trade include; cooperation with UNCTAD, of ASYCUDA (automated system for customs data) and Euro trace. The European Union also supports international trade by offering EAC latest computer hardware, setting up internet networks and offering expert advice in preparing the region for Common External Tariff. EU also provides EAC staff with training regarding WTO matters for member. Support has also been offered to assist in developing the finance and Investment Protocol of EAC. On the other hand, USAID has also assisted SADC in the ratification and implementation process for the SADC trade Protocol. UNCTAD has provided technical assistance for the Trade Negotiation Forum process devoted to the preparation of the SADC trade liberalization program leading to the formation of the desired free trade area. Assistance has also been given to SADC by the Commonwealth Secretariat in such areas as development of a regional industrial policy. 6.0 CONCLUSION This study has analysed characteristics and status of Tanzanias participation in regional trade protocols and its impact on international trade. It also explains the rationale for Tanzania to join regional trade protocols, level of participation and performance in international trade. The study also highlighted issues affecting the performance of Tanzania in international trade. The study found that although Tanzania participates in many regional trade protocols, they have had little impact on Tanzanias participation in international trade. For example, majority of regional trade protocols in which Tanzania is involved had little participation of key actors because of poor participation of the private sector. Another factor is lack of proper trade policy. Other factors that affect the impact of regional trade protocols on the performance of Tanzania in international trade include; poor administration of trade negotiations and agreements, lack of a centralized mechanism to monitor, follow-up nor appraise the performance of Tanzania in regional trade protocols, and multiple handling of international trade issues by different departments/ministries which make it difficult. Another factor that hinder effective participation of Tanzania in regional trade protocols and hence, poor performance in international trade is lack of capacity and awareness of negotiation skills among representatives of Tanzania is regional trade protocols. Due to poor negotiation skills, Tanzania has failed to take advantage of opportunities that arise from international trade. Despite the fact that Tanzania is interested in regional trade protocols, pursuances of such interests are not linked to the objective of widening market access. Often, negotiators adopt a pre-emptive approach to negotiation making the whole strategy less flexible. In addition, the interests of Tanzania are actively negotiated but not actively realized on the ground during negotiations. From the findings above, this study concludes that participation and performance of Tanzania is regional trade protocols has been poor due to various hindrances especially due to poor export capacity and lack of market access due to quality issues Hence, most of the regional trade protocols in which Tanzania has participated have had little or little impact on international trade. 7.0 RECOMMENDATIONS From the findings of the study, the following are recommendations made;  ·Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Tanzanian government should centralize issues related to regional trade protocols so as to enhance the positive impact of the trade protocols on international trade.  ·Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  The government should promote public debate and discussion in the area of international trade protocols.  ·Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  The government should intervene by offering training on negotiation skills so as to improve the performance of Tanzania in international trade.  ·Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  The government in collaboration with stakeholders should take measures to increase production so as to increase the volume of exports and hence, more participation in international trade.  ·Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Regional trade protocols have high impact on attracting FDI, thus, the government should follow up on regional trade protocols for investment opportunities.